Both Russia and Ukraine have been making extensive use of loitering munitions during the current war. Russia has made extensive use of FPV (First Person View) loitering munitions since 2023. These are generally based on small, cheap commercial racing drones fitted with a small warhead. Russia began using FPV kamikaze drones in small numbers in July 2022. Use of these drones ramped up in response to Ukrainian attacks with 125 sorties in July 2023, 247 in August, 553 in September, 474 in October and 625 in November 2023.

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) has become not only a primary focus of electronic warfare (EW) over the past decade or two, but it now garners genuine “A-list” funding for UAVs as well as manned airborne platforms. SIGINT had a relatively low profile among manned EW programs in the Cold War, while jammers and radar and missile warning systems received most of the attention and funding. But that changed with the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the threat continues today from non-state actors worldwide – new geographies of conflict resulted in changing needs.

Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) sensors are still the default sensor for most UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). UAV EO/IR system funding increased rapidly in the decade after 9/11 (2001). But the financial crisis of 2008, proposed budget cuts, and sequestration resulted in several years of up-and-down funding, and considerable uncertainty. A decade later, a comprehensive new generation of EO/IR sensors was funded in DoD budgets and by 2020 production of these new sensors was well underway. Though unheralded in the media (upgrades rarely grab headlines), the bulk of the US endurance UAV fleet has now recently received all-new sensors, worth billions of dollars to both prime contractors and subs.

China has had an active UAV program since the mid-1970s. However, data on the actual extent of UAV production is nearly non-existent, and there is no information on the procurement objectives of the People’s Liberation Army or Air Force. A report from Taiwan estimated that about 280 UAVs were in service in mid-2011. Given the extremely active development programs in recent years, the current inventory is presumably much higher. Chinese tactical UAVs have been used in traditional roles such as artillery spotting, and some are deployed in army divisions in "Instrument Reconnaissance Companies" of the usual divisional reconnaissance battalions. Another application has been for route security for the mobile IRBM launchers of the PLA Second Artillery strategic missile force.